Lidae tse nang le asiti, lidae tse tobileng le lidae tse sebetsang hantle kaofela ke lidae tse qhibilihang ka metsing.Sephetho ka 2001 e ne e le lithane tse 30,000, lithane tse 20,000 le lithane tse 45,000, ka ho latellana.Leha ho le joalo, ka nako e telele, likhoebo tsa naha ea heso tsa dae li lebisitse tlhokomelo e kholo ho nts'etsopele le lipatlisiso tsa lidae tse ncha tsa sebopeho, ha liphuputso tse mabapi le ho etsoa ha lidae ka morao li ntse li fokola.Li-standardization reaagents tse sebelisoang ka tloaelo bakeng sa lidae tse qhibilihang ka metsing li kenyelletsa sodium sulfate (sodium sulfate), dextrin, derivatives ea starch, sucrose, urea, naphthalene formaldehyde sulfonate, joalo-joalo. empa ha ba khone ho fihlela litlhoko tsa mekhoa e fapaneng ea khatiso le ho daea indastering ea khatiso le ho daea.Le hoja lihlapollo tsa dae tse boletsoeng ka holimo li batla li le theko e tlaase, ha li na metsi le ho qhibiliha ha metsi, ho etsa hore ho be thata ho ikamahanya le litlhoko tsa 'maraka oa machaba 'me li ka romeloa linaheng tse ling e le lidae tsa pele.Ka hona, khoebong ea li-dyes tse qhibilihang ka metsing, ho ba le metsi le ho qhibiliha ha metsi ha li-dyes ke litaba tse lokelang ho rarolloa ka potlako, 'me li-additives tse lumellanang li tlameha ho itšetleha ka tsona.

Phekolo ea ho koloba ka dae
Ha re bua ka mokhoa o pharaletseng, ho kolobisa ke ho nkela mokelikeli sebaka (e lokela ho ba khase) ka holim'a metsi ka mokelikeli o mong.Ka ho khetheha, sebopeho sa phofo kapa granular e lokela ho ba sebopeho sa khase / se tiileng, 'me mokhoa oa ho kolobisa ke ha mokelikeli (metsi) o nkela khase holim'a likaroloana.Ho ka bonoa hore ho kolobisa ke ts'ebetso ea 'mele pakeng tsa lintho tse ka holimo.Ka dae ka mor'a phekolo, ho kolobisa hangata ho phetha karolo ea bohlokoa.Ka kakaretso, dae e fetoloa hore e be boemong bo tiileng, joalo ka phofo kapa granule, e hlokang ho kolobisoa nakong ea tšebeliso.Ka hona, ho koloba ha dae ho tla ama ka ho toba phello ea kopo.Ka mohlala, nakong ea ts'ebetso ea ho qhibiliha, dae e thata ho kolobisoa 'me e phaphametse holim'a metsi ha e ratehe.Ka ntlafatso e tsoelang pele ea litlhoko tsa boleng ba dae kajeno, ts'ebetso ea ho kolobisa e fetohile e 'ngoe ea matšoao a ho lekanya boleng ba lidae.Matla a holim'a metsi ke 72.75mN/m ho 20 ℃, e fokotsehang ka ho eketseha ha mocheso, ha matla a holim'a lintho tse tiileng a sa fetohe, hangata ka tlase ho 100mN/m.Hangata li-metale le li-oxide tsa tsona, matsoai a inorganic, joalo-joalo, a bonolo ho koloba, a bitsoang matla a holimo.Matla a holim'a lintho tse phelang tse tiileng le li-polymers a bapisoa le a metsi a tloaelehileng, a bitsoang matla a tlaase, empa a fetoha ka boholo ba likaroloana tse tiileng le tekanyo ea porosity.E nyenyane boholo ba likaroloana, tekanyo e kholo ea sebopeho sa porous, le bokaholimo Ha matla a phahame, boholo bo itšetlehile ka substrate.Ka hona, boholo ba karoloana ea dae e tlameha ho ba nyane.Ka mor'a hore dae e sebetsoe ke ts'ebetso ea khoebo e kang ho tsoa letsoai le ho sila mecheng ea litaba tse fapaneng, boholo ba karoloana ea dae bo fetoha bo botle, kristale e fokotseha, 'me karolo ea kristale e fetoha, e ntlafatsang matla a holim'a dae le ho nolofatsa ho kolobisa.

Phekolo ea ho qhibiliha ha lidae tsa asiti
Ka tšebeliso ea karo-karolelano ea bate e nyane le theknoloji e tsoelang pele ea ho daea, tekanyo ea ho hatisa le ho daea e 'nile ea ntlafatsoa khafetsa.Ho hlaha ha li-fillers le li-pastes ka mokhoa o itekanetseng, le ho kenngoa ha li-dyes tsa metsi ho hloka hore ho lokisoe li-liquor tsa dae tse nang le khatello e phahameng le e tsitsitseng le li-pastes tsa khatiso.Leha ho le joalo, ho qhibiliha ha lidae tse nang le asiti, tse sebetsang hantle le tse tobileng lihlahisoa tsa dae tsa lapeng li ka ba 100g/L feela, haholo-holo bakeng sa lidae tsa asiti.Mefuta e meng e ka ba 20g/L feela.Ho qhibiliha ha dae ho amana le sebōpeho sa limolek'hule tsa dae.Ha boima ba limolek'hule bo phahame 'me lihlopha tse fokolang tsa sulfonic acid, ho qhibiliha ha metsi ho tlaase;ho seng joalo, e phahameng.Ho phaella moo, ts'ebetso ea khoebo ea lidae e bohlokoa haholo, ho kenyelletsa le mokhoa oa crystallization oa dae, tekanyo ea ho sila, boholo ba likaroloana, ho eketsoa ha li-additives, joalo-joalo, tse tla ama ho qhibiliha ha dae.Ha dae e le bonolo ho ionize, ho na le ho qhibiliha ha eona metsing.Leha ho le joalo, khoebo le maemo a tloaelehileng a lidae tsa setso li ipapisitse le palo e kholo ea li-electrolyte, joalo ka sodium sulfate le letsoai.Palo e kholo ea Na + ka metsing e fokotsa ho qhibiliha ha dae ka metsing.Ka hona, ho ntlafatsa ho qhibiliha ha lidae tse qhibilihang ka metsing, pele u se ke ua eketsa electrolyte ho lidae tsa khoebo.

Li-additives le solubility
⑴ Motsoako oa joala le urea cosolvent
Hobane lidae tse qhibilihang ka metsing li na le palo e itseng ea lihlopha tsa acid ea sulfonic le lihlopha tsa asiti ea carboxylic, likaroloana tsa dae li aroha habonolo ka tharollo e nang le metsi 'me li na le tefiso e itseng e mpe.Ha co-solvent e nang le sehlopha sa hydrogen bond bond e eketsoa, ​​​​lesela le sireletsang la li-ion tsa hydrate le thehoa holim'a li-ion tsa dae, tse khothalletsang ionization le ho qhibiliha ha limolek'hule tsa dae ho ntlafatsa ho qhibiliha.Li-polyols tse kang diethylene glycol ether, thiodiethanol, polyethylene glycol, joalo-joalo hangata li sebelisoa e le metsoako e thusang bakeng sa lidae tse qhibilihang ka metsing.Hobane ba ka etsa tlamahano ea hydrogen le dae, bokaholimo ba ion ea dae bo theha lera le sireletsang la li-ion tse nang le hydrate, tse thibelang ho kopana le ho kopana ha limolek'hule tsa dae, 'me ho khothalletsa ionization le ho arohana ha dae.
⑵Mokelikeli o sa sebeliseng ionic
Ho kenyelletsa ntho e 'ngoe e seng ea ionic ho dae ho ka fokolisa matla a tlamang pakeng tsa limolek'hule tsa dae le pakeng tsa limolek'hule, ho potlakisa ionization, le ho etsa hore limolek'hule tsa dae li thehe li-micelles ka metsing, tse nang le dispersibility e ntle.Lidae tsa polar li etsa li-micelles.Limolek'hule tsa solubilizing li theha marang-rang a ho lumellana pakeng tsa limolek'hule ho ntlafatsa ho qhibiliha, joalo ka polyoxyethylene ether kapa ester.Leha ho le joalo, haeba molek'hule ea co-solvent e se na sehlopha se matla sa hydrophobic, phello ea ho hasana le solubilization holim'a micelle e entsoeng ke dae e tla fokola, 'me solubility e ke ke ea eketseha haholo.Ka hona, leka ho khetha li-solvents tse nang le mehele e nkhang hamonate tse ka etsang li-bond tsa hydrophobic tse nang le dae.Mohlala, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester emulsifier, le tse ling joalo ka polyalkylphenylphenol polyoxyethylene ether.
⑶ lignosulfonate dispersant
dispersant e na le tšusumetso e kholo ho solubility ea dae.Ho khetha dispersant e ntle ho latela sebopeho sa dae ho tla thusa haholo ho ntlafatsa ho qhibiliha ha dae.Lidaeng tse qhibilihang ka metsing, e na le karolo e itseng ho thibela ho kopana (van der Waals force) le ho kopanya limolek'hule tsa dae.Lignosulfonate ke dispersant e sebetsang ka ho fetisisa, 'me ho na le lipatlisiso ka sena Chaena.
Sebopeho sa limolek'hule tsa li-dyes tse qhalakaneng ha se na lihlopha tse matla tsa hydrophilic, empa ke lihlopha tse fokolang tsa polar, kahoo li na le hydrophilicity e fokolang feela, 'me ho qhibiliha ha sebele ho nyenyane haholo.Bongata ba lidae tse hasantsoeng li ka qhibiliha feela metsing ka 25 ℃.1 ho isa ho 10mg/L.
Ho qhibiliha ha lidae tse qhalaneng ho amana le lintlha tse latelang:
Sebopeho sa limolek'hule
"Ho qhibiliha ha lidae tse qhalaneng ka metsing ho eketseha ha karolo ea hydrophobic ea molek'hule ea dae e fokotseha 'me karolo ea hydrophilic (boleng le bongata ba lihlopha tsa polar) e eketseha.Ka mantsoe a mang, ho qhibiliha ha li-dyes tse nang le boima bo fokolang ba molek'hule le lihlopha tse fokolang tsa polar tse kang -OH le -NH2 li tla ba holimo.Lidae tse nang le boima ba limolek'hule tse khōloanyane le lihlopha tse fokolang tse fokolang tsa polar li na le ho qhibiliha ho fokolang.Mohlala, Disperse Red (I), eona M=321, solubility e ka tlase ho 0.1mg/L ho 25℃, le solubility ke 1.2mg/L ho 80℃.Disperse Red (II), M=352, solubility ho 25℃ ke 7.1mg/L, le solubility ho 80℃ ke 240mg/L.
Ea qhalaneng
Ka lidae tse qhalakantsoeng ka phofshoana, litaba tsa lidae tse hloekileng ka kakaretso ke 40% ho isa ho 60%, 'me tse ling kaofela ke li-dispersants, mahlahana a thibelang lerōle, mahlahana a sireletsang, sodium sulfate, joalo-joalo.
The dispersant (diffusion agent) e ka apesa lithollo tse ntle tsa kristale tsa dae ka har'a likaroloana tsa hydrophilic colloidal ebe oa e hasanya ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng metsing.Kamora hore mahloriso a bohlokoa a micelle a fete, ho tla etsoa li-micelles, tse tla fokotsa karolo ea lithollo tse nyane tsa dae tsa kristale.E qhibilihisoa ka li-micelles, ntho e bitsoang "solubilization" e etsahala, kahoo e eketsa ho qhibiliha ha dae.Ho feta moo, boleng bo ntlafetseng ba dispersant le ho phahamisa mahloriso, ho ba le phello e kholo ea solubilization le solubilization.
Hoa lokela ho hlokomeloa hore phello ea solubilization ea dispersant holim'a lidae tse qhalakaneng tsa mehaho e fapaneng e fapane, 'me phapang e kholo haholo;phello ea solubilization ea dispersant holim'a lidae tse qhalakaneng e fokotseha ka ho eketseha ha mocheso oa metsi, e leng se tšoanang hantle le phello ea mocheso oa metsi holim'a lidae tse qhalakaneng.Phello ea solubility e fapane.
Ka mor'a hore likaroloana tsa kristale tsa hydrophobic tsa dae e qhalakaneng le mefuta e fapaneng ea li-hydrophilic colloidal particles, botsitso ba eona ba ho hasana bo tla ntlafatsoa haholo.Ho feta moo, likaroloana tsena tsa dae colloidal li phetha karolo ea "ho fana ka" lidae nakong ea ho daea.Hobane ka mor'a hore limolek'hule tsa dae tse boemong bo qhibilihisitsoeng li monoe ke fiber, dae e "bolokehileng" ka har'a likaroloana tsa colloidal e tla lokolloa ka nako e le hore e boloke botsitso ba dae.
Boemo ba ho qhala dae ka ho hasana
1-dispersant molek'hule
2-Dae crystallite (solubilization)
3-dispersant micelle
4-Dae molek'hule e le 'ngoe (e qhibilihisoa)
5-Dye lijo-thollo
6-dispersant lipophilic base
7-dispersant hydrophilic base
8-sodium ion (Na+)
9-aggregates ea dae crystallites
Leha ho le joalo, haeba "kopano" pakeng tsa dae le dispersant e kholo haholo, "phepelo" ea molek'hule e le 'ngoe ea dae e tla sala ka morao kapa ketsahalo ea "phepelo e fetang tlhokahalo".Ka hona, e tla fokotsa ka ho toba sekhahla sa ho daea le ho leka-lekanya peresente ea ho daea, ho fella ka ho lieha ho daea le 'mala o bobebe.
Ho ka bonoa hore ha ho khethoa le ho sebelisa li-disperpers, ha hoa lokela ho nahanoa feela botsitso ba ho hasana ha dae, empa hape le tšusumetso ea 'mala oa dae.
(3) Mocheso oa tharollo ea ho daea
Ho qhibiliha ha lidae tse qhalaneng ka metsing ho eketseha ka ho eketseha ha mocheso oa metsi.Mohlala, ho qhibiliha ha Disperse Yellow metsing a 80°C ke makhetlo a 18 ho feta 25°C.Ho qhibiliha ha Disperse Red metsing a 80°C ke makhetlo a 33 ho feta 25°C.Ho qhibiliha ha Disperse Blue metsing a 80°C ke makhetlo a 37 ho feta 25°C.Haeba mocheso oa metsi o feta 100 ° C, ho qhibiliha ha lidae tse qhalakaneng ho tla eketseha le ho feta.
Mona ke khopotso e khethehileng: thepa ena e qhibilihang ea lidae tse qhalakaneng e tla tlisa likotsi tse patehileng lits'ebetsong tse sebetsang.Ka mohlala, ha joala ba dae bo futhumatsoa ka tsela e sa tšoaneng, joala ba dae bo nang le mocheso o phahameng bo phallela sebakeng seo mocheso o leng tlaase.Ha mocheso oa metsi o ntse o fokotseha, joala ba dae bo fetoha supersaturated, 'me dae e qhibilihisitsoeng e tla theoha, e bakang kholo ea lijo-thollo tsa dae ea kristale le ho fokotseha ha solubility., Ho fella ka ho fokotseha ha tšebeliso ea dae.
(ne) sebopeho sa kristale sa dae
Lidae tse ling tse qhalakantsoeng li na le ts'ebetso ea "isomorphism".Ke hore, dae e ts'oanang ea ho qhala, ka lebaka la theknoloji e fapaneng ea ho hasana ha ho etsoa, ​​​​e tla theha mefuta e mengata ea kristale, joalo ka linale, lithupa, li-flakes, granules le li-blocks.Ts'ebetsong ea kopo, haholo-holo ha u daea ka 130 ° C, foromo ea kristale e sa tsitsang e tla fetoha ho ea ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng oa kristale.
Ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore mofuta o tsitsitseng oa kristale o na le ho qhibiliha ho hoholo, 'me mofuta o sa tsitsang oa kristale o batla o fokola haholo.Sena se tla ama ka kotloloho sekhahla sa ho nka dae le liperesente tsa ho nka dae.
(5) Boholo ba likaroloana
Ka kakaretso, lidae tse nang le likaroloana tse nyane li na le ho qhibiliha ho holimo le botsitso bo botle ba ho hasana.Lidae tse nang le likaroloana tse kholo li na le ho qhibiliha ho tlase le botsitso bo fokolang ba ho hasana.
Hajoale, boholo ba likaroloana tsa lidae tse qhalakantsoeng ka lapeng hangata ke 0.5～2.0μm (Hlokomela: boholo ba karoloana ea ho daea dip bo hloka 0.5～1.0μm).