Disebediswa tse Mahareng: Disebediswa tse mahareng tsa ho daya (pigment) ke lekala la bohlokwa haholo indastering e ntle ya dikhemikhale. Ntshetsopele ya disebediswa tse tshehetsang. Tlhahiso ya China ya disebediswa tse mahareng bakeng sa ho daya le pigment e ntlafaditswe haholo ho tloha ka bo-1950. Dilemong tse mmalwa tse fetileng, tlhahiso ya disebediswa tse mahareng tsa dae le pigment e se e le matla haholo, mme ho bile le boqapi theknolojing ya tlhahiso. Re entse diphetoho dibakeng tse mmalwa, tse kang dipatlisiso, tshebediso e ntjha bakeng sa mefuta ya kgale le tshireletso ya tikoloho, mme re amohetse mokgwa o hlwekileng wa tlhahiso ya disebediswa tse mahareng tsa dae le pigment.

1
Nts'etsopele ea tšebeliso ea li-intermediate

Ha e le hantle, tšebeliso ea li-intermediate ke nts'etsopele e nang le mahlakore a mangata, mofuta o itseng oa li-intermediate tse sebelisoang daeng tse bitsoang li-intermediate tsa dae, 'me li sebelisoa daeng ea chefo, meriana, jj. E boetse e bitsoa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, li-intermediate tsa meriana. E lokela ho nkoa e le lekala la indasteri e ntle ea lik'hemik'hale ka kakaretso, ha ea lokela ho aroloa ka thata ka li-intermediate tsa dae, li-intermediate tsa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ...

Patlisiso ea lik'hemik'hale tse ntle e khetholloa ka mefuta e mengata, ntle le mefuta e 'maloa ea sekala sa tlhahiso e kholo haholo, mefuta e mengata ea tonnage ha e kholo haholo, empa ts'ebetso ea ho lokisa hangata e rarahane haholo, e kenyelletsang likarabelo tse ngata tsa yuniti le likarohano, 'me tlhahiso ea bongata bo boholo ba "litšila tse tharo" e hloka ho sebetsoa hantle. Ka hona, re lokela ho kenella lipatlisisong tsa ts'ebetso ea lihlahisoa tse latellanang, mokhatlo o utloahalang oa li-intermediate ho fumana katleho e ntle ea tlhahiso.

Ho latela boemo ba kantle ho naha, lipatlisiso le tlhahiso ea li-intermediate li atisa ho shejoa hantle ho fihlela tlhahiso ea serial. Mefuta e 'maloa ho isa ho e leshome le metso e' meli ea li-intermediate, lipatlisiso le tlhahiso e joalo li bonolo ho li kenya tšebetsong ka nts'etsopele e akaretsang le ho amoheloa ha mahlale a macha. Re tla fumana sephetho habeli ka halofo ea boiteko. Re ka bua ka boemo ba Japane, moo tlhahiso ea li-intermediate e neng e atisa ho aroloa haholo, ho qala lilemong tsa bo-1960. E fetotsoe le ho shejoa ka makhetlo a supileng.

Ka phetoho le nts'etsopele, indasteri ea Chaena ea dae le pigment e fihlile boemong bo holimo mabapi le tekanyo ea tlhahiso, theknoloji le boemo ba lisebelisoa, e leng se ke keng sa khotsofatsa litlhoko tsa nts'etsopele ea indasteri ea dae le pigment ea lapeng feela, empa hape se fana ka lihlahisoa tsa boleng bo holimo tsa dae le pigment bakeng sa linaha tse ling.

Lisebelisoa tse tala tse hlokahalang bakeng sa ho kopanya li-intermediate li fumanoa haholo-holo lihlahisoa tsa indasteri ea peterole le lik'hemik'hale tsa coking, tseo boholo ba tsona e leng benzene, naphthalene, naphthalene le naphthalene. Lilemong tsa morao tjena, mebala ea tlhaho e lokisitsoeng ho tsoa ho li-intermediate tsa heterocyclic e ntse e eketseha. Ho phaella moo, phenanthrene, pyridine, oksijene fluorene, quinoline, indole, carbazole, metsoako ea letoto la biphenyl, lisebelisoa tsena tse rarahaneng tse sebelisoang tlhahisong ea dyestuff. Tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa tse tala tsa maiketsetso e tla ata le ho ata haholo.

2
Likarabelo tse tloaelehileng tsa lik'hemik'hale tse sebelisoang bakeng sa li-intermediate

Likarabelo tse tloaelehileng haholo tsa lik'hemik'hale tse sebelisoang ho sebetsana le thepa e tala hore e be metsoako e mahareng bakeng sa indasteri ea ho daea (pigment) ke tse latelang.

(1) Karabelo ea Sulfonation
(2) Likarabelo tsa nitrification
(3) Likarabelo tsa halogenation
(4) Karabelo ea phokotso ea ho lokisa li-amino
(5) Likarabelo tsa Diazotization (hangata li tsamaea le likarabelo tsa ho kopanya)
(6) Ho nkela lihlopha tsa sulfonic acid sebaka ka lihlopha tsa hydroxyl ka likarabelo tsa ho qhibiliha ha alkali
(7) Likarabelo tsa acetylation
(8) Likarabelo tsa oxidation
(9) Dikarabelo tsa ho kolobisoa le khabone
(10) Likarabelo tsa monko o monate (haholo-holo li-amino)
(11) Likarabelo tse fapanyetsanang tsa lihlopha tsa hydroxyl le amino
(12) Hydroxylation ea lihlopha tsa hydroxyl kapa amino

Ho ya ka sebopeho sa lesale le monko o monate la dikhemikhale tse nyane tse mahareng, di ka arolwa ka aliphatic, benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic le dense. Sistimi ya lesale. Naha ya rona e ka hlahisa mefuta e fetang 400 ya benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic le dikhemikhale tse ding tse mahareng tsa ho daya le pigment, tse ka fihlelang ditlhoko tsa ditlhoko tsa ntshetsopele ya indasteri ya ho daya le pigment.

3
Mefuta e meholo ea sistimi ea benzene

2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-amino Anisole, p-nitroaniline, o-toluidine, 2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, N-ethylaniline, m-hydroxydiethylaniline 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, o-, p-phenylenediamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine, benzidine, anisylamine, p-amine Benzenesulfonic acid, o-anisole, p-aminoanisole, DSD acid, p-aminophenetole, CTL acid, o-cyano-p-nitroaniline, acetoacetylacetamide o-Methoxyaniline, hydroquinone, resorcinol, N-methyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, ... N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine Toluidine, N,N-diethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-toluidine Methyl cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-methylphenyl-m-toluidine, p-, ethoxyaniline, 2 4-dimethylaniline, 4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methoxy-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline, 4-methoxy-3-amino-N,N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline ... 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, para ester, jj.

4
Mefuta e meholo ea naphthalene intermediates

2-naphthol, H-asidi, K-asidi, 2,3-asidi, 2,6-asidi, thujaplic asiti, 6-nitro-1,2,4 acid oxygens. J-asidi, peri-asidi, gamma-asidi, G-asidi, R-asidi, amino K-asidi, 2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic asiti, 1-naphthol -5-sulfonic asiti, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic asiti, 2R-asidi le tse ding. Di-intermediate tsa anthraquinone di kenyeletsa: anthraquinone, 1-amino anthraquinone, 1,4-diamino anthraquinone, 1,5-dimethyl-bromophosphate, 1,5-dimethyl-anthraquinone, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R-acid, jj. Anthraquinone, 1,5-diamino anthraquinone, 1-Amino-5-benzoyl anthraquinone, 1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone, 1,8-hydroxy Anthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, jj.

5
Mefuta e meholo ea heterocyclic le dense-cyclic

Chloride ea Cyanuric, asiti ea barbituric, 2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, 2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, 2-aminobenzothiazole Aminothiazole, dehydrothiobenzidine bisulfonic acid, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone Formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalene anhydride, naphthalene tetracarboxylic anhydride, ! tetracarboxylic anhydride, jj.