Bohareng: Ho daea (pigment) lipakeng ke lekala la bohlokoa haholo indastering e ntle ea lik'hemik'hale. Tsoelopele ea batšehetsi ba lipakeng. Tlhahiso ea China ea li-intermediate bakeng sa ho daea le mebala e 'nile ea ntlafatsoa haholo ho tloha ka bo-1950. Lilemong tse 'maloa tse fetileng, tlhahiso ea li-intermediates tsa dae le pigment e se e le bohale le ho feta,' me ho bile le mekhoa e mecha ea theknoloji ea tlhahiso. Re entse likhatelopele libakeng tse 'maloa, joalo ka lipatlisiso, ts'ebeliso e ncha ea mefuta ea khale le ts'ireletso ea tikoloho, mme re amohetse ts'ebetso e hloekileng bakeng sa tlhahiso ea dae le li-pigment intermediates. .

1
Nts'etsopele ea ts'ebeliso ea li-intermediates

Ha e le hantle, tšebeliso ea li-intermediates ke tsoelo-pele e nang le likarolo tse ngata, mofuta o itseng oa li-intermediate tse sebelisoang lidae tse bitsoang dye intermediates, le tse sebelisoang ho chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, meriana, joalo-joalo. E boetse e bitsoa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, li-intermediates tsa meriana. E lokela ho nkuoa e le lekala la indasteri e ntle ea lik'hemik'hale ka kakaretso, ha ea lokela ho aroloa ka thata ka li-intermediates tsa dae, li-intermediate tsa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, li-intermediate tsa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, li-intermediate tsa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, li-intermediates tsa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, li-intermediates tsa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana. , li- intermediate tsa chefo e bolaeang likokonyana, li- intermediate tsa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, li- intermediate tsa chefo e bolaeang likokonyana, li- intermediate tsa chefo e bolaeang likokonyana, li- intermediate tsa chefo e bolaeang likokonyana, li- intermediate tsa meriana, li- intermediate tsa chefo ea likokoanyana, li-intermediate, li-intermediate tsa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, li-intermediate tsa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, li-intermediate tsa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana Li-Intermediate, li-intermediate tsa meriana, tse tla fokotsa mefuta e mengata ea tšebeliso ea li-intermediate tse ling le ho ama tsoelo-pele ea bona.

Lipatlisiso tse ntle tsa lik'hemik'hale tse pakeng tsa lik'hemik'hale li khetholloa ke mefuta e mengata, ntle le mefuta e mengata ea lihlahisoa tse ngata haholo, mefuta e mengata ea tonnage ha e kholo haholo, empa mokhoa oa ho itokisa o atisa ho rarahane, o kenyelletsa mekhoa e mengata ea likarolo le karohano. tlhahiso ea chelete e ngata ea "Litšila tse tharo" li hloka ho sebetsoa ka nepo. Ka hona, re lokela ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa ts'ebetso ea lihlahisoa tsa serial, mokhatlo o utloahalang oa ba lipakeng ho fumana katleho e ntle ea tlhahiso.

Ho tsoa maemong a kantle ho naha, lipatlisiso le tlhahiso ea li-intermediates li atisa ho tsepamisoa hantle ho fihlela tlhahiso ea serial. mefuta e seng mekae ho isa ho e leshome le metso e 'meli ea li-intermediate, lipatlisiso le tlhahiso e joalo e bonolo ho e kenya ts'ebetsong ka nts'etsopele ea kakaretso le ho amohela mekhoa e mecha. Re tla fumana habeli sephetho ka halofo ea boiteko. Re ka bua ka boemo ba Japane, moo tlhahiso ea li-intermediates e neng e sebelisoa haholo, ho qala ka bo-1960. E fetotsoe 'me e tsepame ka makhetlo a supileng.

Ka phetoho le nts'etsopele, indasteri ea dae le pigment intermediates ea Chaena e fihlile boemong bo phahameng ho ea ka tekanyo ea tlhahiso, theknoloji le boemo ba lisebelisoa, tse ke keng tsa finyella litlhoko tsa dae ea malapeng le nts'etsopele ea indasteri ea pigment, empa hape e fana ka lihlahisoa tsa boleng ba boleng bo phahameng ho feta. linaha tsa kantle.

Lisebelisoa tse tala tse hlokahalang bakeng sa ho kopanya li-intermediate li fumaneha haholo lihlahisoa tsa petroleum le indasteri ea lik'hemik'hale tsa coking, tseo boholo ba tsona e leng benzene, naphthalene, naphthalene le naphthalene. Lilemong tsa morao tjena, li-pigments tsa tlhaho tse lokiselitsoeng ho tloha ho heterocyclic intermediates li ntse li eketseha. Ntle le moo, phenanthrene, pyridine, oksijene fluorene, quinoline, indole, carbazole, biphenyl letoto la metsoako, lisebelisoa tsena tse rarahaneng tse sebelisoang ho etsa dae. Tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa tse tala tsa maiketsetso e tla ata le ho ata.

2
Liphetoho tse tloaelehileng haholo tsa lik'hemik'hale tse sebelisoang ho li-intermediates

Mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea lik'hemik'hale e sebelisoang ho lokisa thepa e tala hore e be lipakeng tsa indasteri ea ho daea (pigment) ke e latelang.

(1) Karabelo ea sulfonane
(2) Lits'ebetso tsa nitrification
(3) Boitšoaro ba halogenation
(4) Karabelo ea ho fokotsa ho lokisa amino
(5) Maikutlo a Diazotization (hangata a tsamaisana le karabelo ea ho kopanya)
(6) Ho kenngoa ha lihlopha tsa sulfonic acid ka lihlopha tsa hydroxyl ka liketso tsa alkali-melting
(7) Maikutlo a acetylation
(8) Karabelo ea oxidation
(9) Karabelo ea condensation le carbonation
(10) Maikutlo a monko (haholo amino)
(11) Boitšoaro bo feto-fetohang ba hydroxyl le lihlopha tsa amino
(12) Hydroxylation ea hydroxyl kapa lihlopha tsa amino

Ho ea ka sebopeho sa selikalikoe se nkhang hamonate sa li-chemical intermediates tse ntle, li ka aroloa ka aliphatic, benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic le dense. Sistimi ea lesale. Naha ea rona e ka hlahisa mefuta e fetang 400 ea benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic le li-intermediate tse ling tsa dae le pigment, tse ka fihlelang litlhoko tsa nts'etsopele ea indasteri ea ho daea le mebala.

3
Mefuta e meholo ea sisteme ea benzene

2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-amino Anisole, p-nitroaniline, o-toluidine, 2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, N -ethylaniline, m-hydroxydiethylaniline 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, o-, p-phenylenediamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine, benzidine, anisylamine, p-amine Benzenesulfonic acid, o-anisole, p-aminoanisole, DSD acid, p-aminophenetole, CTL acid, o-cyano-p-nitroaniline, acetoacetylacetamide o-Methoxyaniline, hydroquinone, resorcinol, N-methyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine Toluidine , N, N-diethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-toluidine Methyl cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl-m- toluidine, N-methylphenyl-m-toluidine, p-, ethoxyaniline, 2 4-dimethylaniline, 4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methoxy-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4- methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl- aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline, 4-methoxy-3-amino-N,N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5 -trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline , 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2 ,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4 ,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline inter, para ester, joalo-joalo.

4
Mefuta e ka sehloohong ea naphthalene intermediates

2-naphthol, H-acid, K-acid, 2,3-acid, 2,6-acid, thujaplic acid, 6-nitro-1,2,4 acid ea oksijene. J-asiti, peri-asiti, gamma-asiti, G-letswai, R-letswai, amino K-asiti, 2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid, 1-naphthol -5-sulfonic acid, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene , 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R-acid joalo-joalo. Anthraquinone e mahareng e kenyelletsa: anthraquinone, 1-amino anthraquinone, 1,4-diamino anthraquinone, 1,5-dimethyl-bromophosphate, 1,5-dimethyl-anthraquinone, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R-acid, joalo-joalo Anthraquinone, 1 ,5-diamino anthraquinone, 1-Amino-5-benzoyl anthraquinone, 1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone, 1,8-hydroxy Anthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, joalo-joalo.

5
Mefuta e meholo ea heterocyclic le dense-cyclic

Cyanuric chloride, barbituric acid, 2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, 2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, 2-aminobenzothiazole Aminothiazole, dehydrothiobenzidine bisulfonic acid, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-ethyl3-hydroxy-hydroxydopy. -cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano -4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4 -methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl -6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6 -hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone Formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalene anhydride, naphthalene tetracarboxylic anhydride, ! tetracarboxylic anhydride, joalo-joalo.