Boemo ba hona joale: indasteri ea meriana haholo-holo e tsepamisitse maikutlo ho metsoako ea lik'hemik'hale ea meriana, meriana ea likokoana-hloko le meriana ea setso ea Chaena ea meriana, 'me tlhahiso e na le litšobotsi tsa lihlahisoa tse sa tšoaneng, mekhoa e rarahaneng le litekanyo tse fapaneng tsa tlhahiso.
Metsi a litšila a hlahisoang ke ts'ebetso ea meriana a na le litšoaneleho tsa khatello e phahameng ea ts'ilafalo, likarolo tse rarahaneng, ho senyeha ha lintho tse phelang hantle le chefo e phahameng ea likokoana-hloko.
Ho kopanya lik'hemik'hale le ho belisoa ha tlhahiso ea meriana metsi a litšila ke bothata le ntlha ea bohlokoa taolong ea tšilafalo ea indasteri ea meriana.
Metsi a litšila a kopantsoeng le lik'hemik'hale ke tšilafalo e kholo e tsoang nakong ea tlhahiso ea meriana [2].
Metsi a litšila a entsoeng ka meriana a ka aroloa ka mekhahlelo e mene [3], ke hore, mokelikeli o litšila le mokelikeli oa 'mè nakong ea tlhahiso;
Mokelikeli o setseng ha o hlaphoheloa o kenyelletsa mokelikeli, mokelikeli o hlokahalang, sehlahisoa, joalo-joalo.
Ts'ebetso e thusang ea drainage joalo ka metsi a pholileng, jj.
Lisebelisoa le metsi a litšila a phunyang fatše;
likhoerekhoere tsa ka tlung.
Theknoloji ea ho phekola metsi a litšila a mahareng a meriana
Ka lebaka la litšoaneleho tsa metsi a litšila a mahareng a meriana a kang COD e phahameng, naetrojene e phahameng, phosphorus e phahameng, letsoai le lengata, chroma e tebileng, sebopeho se rarahaneng le ho senyeha ha lintho tse phelang, mekhoa ea phekolo e sebelisoang hangata e kenyelletsa phekolo ea physicochemical le ts'ebetso ea phekolo ea lik'hemik'hale [6].
Ho ea ka mefuta e fapaneng ea boleng ba metsi a litšila, ho tla sebelisoa letoto la mekhoa e kang motsoako oa physicochemical process le biological process [7].
Setšoantšo
1. Theknoloji ea phekolo ea 'mele le ea lik'hemik'hale
Hona joale, mekhoa e ka sehloohong ea phekolo ea 'mele le ea lik'hemik'hale bakeng sa metsi a litšila a tlhahiso ea meriana e kenyelletsa: mokhoa oa ho phalla ha khase, mokhoa oa coagulation sedimentation, mokhoa oa adsorption, mokhoa oa reverse osmosis, mokhoa oa ho chesa le mokhoa o tsoetseng pele oa oxidation [8].
Ho feta moo, mekhoa ea electrolysis le lik'hemik'hale tsa pula, tse kang FE-C micro-electrolysis le mekhoa ea MAP ea pula bakeng sa ho tlosoa ha naetrojene le phosphorus, le tsona li sebelisoa hangata ho phekola metsi a litšila a mahareng a meriana.
1.1 Mokhoa oa ho kopanya le ho thella
Coagulation process ke ts'ebetso eo ho eona likaroloana tse emisitsoeng le li-colloidal particles ka metsing li fetoloang boemong bo sa tsitsang ka ho eketsa lisebelisoa tsa lik'hemik'hale ebe li kopantsoe ka lihlopha kapa li-flocs tseo ho leng bonolo ho li arola.
Hona joale, theknoloji ena e atisa ho sebelisoa ho phekoloa pele, phekolo ea bohareng le phekolo e tsoetseng pele ea metsi a litšila a meriana [10].
Theknoloji ea coagulation le sedimentation e na le melemo ea theknoloji e hōlileng tsebong, lisebelisoa tse bonolo, ts'ebetso e tsitsitseng le tlhokomelo e bonolo.
Leha ho le joalo, ho tla ba le palo e kholo ea litšila tsa lik'hemik'hale tse hlahisoang ts'ebetsong ea theknoloji ena, e leng se tla lebisa ho pH e tlaase ea litšila le letsoai le batlang le le holimo la metsi a litšila.
Ho phaella moo, theknoloji ea coagulation le sedimentation e ke ke ea khona ho tlosa litšila tse qhibilihisitsoeng metsing a litšila, leha e le hore e ka tlosa ka ho feletseng litšila tse chefo le tse kotsi tsa metsi a litšila.
1.2 Mokhoa oa ho na ka lik'hemik'hale
Chemical precipitation method ke mokhoa oa lik'hemik'hale oa ho tlosa litšila ka har'a metsi a litšila ka karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale lipakeng tsa metsoako ea lik'hemik'hale tse qhibilihang le tse silafatsang metsing a litšila ho etsa matsoai a sa qhibilihang, hydroxides kapa metsoako e rarahaneng.
Metsi a litšila a mahareng a meriana hangata a na le khatello e phahameng ea ammonia nitrogen, phosphate le sulfate ions, joalo-joalo Bakeng sa mofuta ona oa metsi a litšila, mokhoa oa ho na le lik'hemik'hale o atisa ho sebelisoa bakeng sa ho phekola 'meleng le lik'hemik'hale ho etsa bonnete ba hore ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea ts'ebetso e latelang ea phekolo ea lik'hemik'hale.
Joalo ka theknoloji ea setso ea ho hloekisa metsi, ho na ha lik'hemik'hale hangata ho sebelisoa ho nolofatsa metsi a litšila.
Ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa tse tala tsa lik'hemik'hale tse phahameng molemong oa tlhahiso ea metsi a litšila a mahareng, metsi a litšila a atisa ho ba le ammonia nitrogen le phosphorus le litšila tse ling, ho sebelisa mokhoa oa magnesium ammonium phosphate chemical precipitation o ka tlosa litšila tse peli ka nako e le 'ngoe. Ha nako e ntse e ea, pula ea letsoai ea ammonium phosphate e hlahisitsoeng e ka sebelisoa hape.
Magnesium ammonium phosphate chemical precipitation method e boetse e tsejoa e le mokhoa oa struvite.
Ts'ebetsong ea tlhahiso ea meriana e bohareng, palo e kholo ea sulfuric acid e atisa ho sebelisoa lithupelong tse ling, 'me pH ea karolo ena ea metsi a litšila e ka ba tlaase. E le ho ntlafatsa boleng ba pH ea metsi a litšila le ho tlosa li-ion tse ling tsa sulfate ka nako e le 'ngoe, mokhoa oa ho eketsa CaO o atisa ho sebelisoa, o bitsoang mokhoa oa ho phalla lik'hemik'hale oa quicklime desulfurization.
1.3 adsorption
Molao-motheo oa ho tlosa litšila ka metsing a litšila ka mokhoa oa adsorption o bolela tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa tse tiileng tse nang le masoba ho hohela litšila tse itseng kapa tse fapaneng metsing a litšila, e le hore litšila tse ka metsing a litšila li ka ntšoa kapa tsa sebelisoa hape.
Li-adsorbents tse sebelisoang ka tloaelo li kenyelletsa joalo ka molora oa fofa, slag, activated carbon le adsorption resin, eo har'a eona e sebelisoang haholo ka carbon.
1.4 ho phaphamala ha moea
Mokhoa oa ho phaphamala ha moea ke ts'ebetso ea ho hloekisa metsi a litšila moo li-bubble tse nyane tse hasantsoeng haholo li sebelisoang e le bajari ho hlahisa ho khomarela lintho tse silafatsang metsing a litšila. Ka lebaka la hore bongata ba lipululana tse khomaretseng lintho tse silafatsang bo ka tlase ho metsi le ho phaphamala, karohano ea mokelikeli o tiileng kapa oa mokelikeli oa fumaneha.
Air floating mefuta e kenyeletsa qhala moea phaphametseng, aerated moea phaphametse, electrolysis moea phaphametse le lik'hemik'hale moea phaphametse, joalo-joalo [18], har'a tseo lik'hemik'hale moea floating ke a loketse bakeng sa ho phekoloa ha metsi a litšila a nang le litaba tse phahameng tse emisitsoeng.
Mokhoa oa ho phaphamala ha moea o na le melemo ea matsete a tlase, ts'ebetso e bonolo, tlhokomelo e bonolo le tšebeliso e tlase ea matla, empa e ke ke ea khona ho tlosa litšila tse qhibilihisitsoeng metsing a litšila.
1.5 electrolysis
Ts'ebetso ea Electrolytic ke ts'ebeliso ea karolo e khahlang ea hajoale, e hlahisa letoto la karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale, e fetola litšila tse kotsi metsing a litšila mme e tlositsoe, molao-motheo oa karabelo ea ts'ebetso ea electrolytic e etsahetseng ka tharollo ea electrolyte ke ka thepa ea elektrode le karabelo ea electrode, e hlahisa e ncha ea tikoloho. oksijene ea tikoloho le hydrogen [H] le litšila tsa metsi a litšila tsa karabelo ea REDOX li tlosa litšila.
Mokhoa oa electrolysis o na le ts'ebetso e phahameng le ts'ebetso e bonolo ho hloekisa metsi a litšila. Ka nako e ts'oanang, mokhoa oa electrolysis o ka tlosa ka katleho lintho tse mebala ka metsing a litšila 'me oa ntlafatsa ka katleho biodegradability ea metsi a litšila.
Setšoantšo
2. Theknoloji e tsoetseng pele ea oxidation
Theknoloji e tsoetseng pele ea oxidation, joalo ka thekenoloji e ncha ea ho hloekisa metsi, e na le melemo e mengata, joalo ka ts'ebetso e phahameng ea ho senyeha ha litšila, ho senyeha ho hoholo le ho ntša oxidation ea litšila le ho se be le tšilafalo ea bobeli.
Theknoloji e tsoetseng pele ea oxidation, eo hape e tsejoang e le tekhenoloji e tebileng ea oxidation, ke theknoloji ea kalafo ea 'mele le ea lik'hemik'hale e sebelisang oxidizer, leseli, motlakase, molumo, makenete le catalyst ho hlahisa li-radicals tsa mahala tse sebetsang haholo (joalo ka ·OH) ho theola litšila tse refractory organic.
Lefapheng la kalafo ea metsi a litšila ka meriana, theknoloji e tsoetseng pele ea oxidation e fetohile sepheo sa lipatlisiso le tlhokomelo e batsi.
Theknoloji e tsoetseng pele ea oxidation haholo-holo e kenyelletsa oxidation ea electrochemical, oxidation ea lik'hemik'hale, oxidation ea ultrasonic, metsi a catalytic oxidation, photocatalytic oxidation, composite catalytic oxidation, supercritical water oxidation le theknoloji e tsoetseng pele e kopantsoeng ea oxidation.
Mokhoa oa k'hemik'hale oa lik'hemik'hale ke ho sebelisa lik'hemik'hale ka botsona kapa tlas'a maemo a itseng a nang le oxidation e matla ho oxidize litšila tse phelang metsing a litšila ho finyella sepheo sa ho tlosa litšila, mekhoa ea lik'hemik'hale ea lik'hemik'hale tse kenyeletsang ozone oxidation, Fenton oxidation method le mokhoa o metsi oa catalytic oxidation.
2.1 Ts'ebetso ea oxidation ea Fenton
Fenton oxidation mokhoa ke mofuta oa mokhoa o tsoetseng pele oa oxidation o sebelisoang haholo hajoale. Mokhoa ona o sebelisa letsoai la ferric (Fe2 + kapa Fe3 +) e le mohloli oa ho hlahisa ·OH e nang le oxidation e matla tlas'a boemo ba ho eketsa H2O2, e ka bang le oxidation reaction with organic pollunts ntle le selectivity ho finyella ho senyeha le mineralization ea litšila.
Mokhoa ona o na le melemo e mengata, ho kenyelletsa lebelo la karabelo e potlakileng, ha ho na tšilafalo ea bobeli le oxidation e matla, joalo-joalo Mokhoa oa oxidation oa Fenton o sebelisoa hangata kalafong ea metsi a litšila ka lebaka la ts'ebetso e sa khethoeng ea oxidation nakong ea ts'ebetso ea oxidation ea lik'hemik'hale le mokhoa o ka fokotsang chefo ea metsi a litšila le litšobotsi tse ling.
2.2 Mokhoa oa oxidation oa electrochemical
Electrochemical oxidation method ke ho sebelisa lisebelisoa tsa electrode ho hlahisa superoxide free radical ·O2 le hydroxyl free radical ·OH, tseo ka bobeli li nang le ts'ebetso e phahameng ea oxidation, li ka oxidize lintho tse phelang metsing a litšila, ebe li finyella morero oa ho tlosa litšila.
Leha ho le joalo, mokhoa ona o na le litšobotsi tsa tšebeliso e phahameng ea matla le litšenyehelo tse phahameng.
2.3 Oxidation ea Photocatalytic
Photocatalytic oxidation ke theknoloji e sebetsang hantle haholo ea kalafo ho thekenoloji ea kalafo ea metsi, e sebelisang lisebelisoa tse thusang (joalo ka TiO2, SrO2, WO3, SnO2, joalo-joalo) joalo ka lijari tse thusang ho tsamaisa oxidation ea boholo ba litšila tse fokotsang metsi a litšila, joalo-joalo. ho fihlela sepheo sa ho tlosa ditshila.
Hobane boholo ba metsoako e fumanoang metsing a litšila a meriana ke lintho tsa polar tse nang le lihlopha tse nang le asiti kapa lintho tsa polar tse nang le lihlopha tsa alkaline, lintho tse joalo li ka senyeha ka ho toba kapa ka tsela e sa tobang ka leseli.
2.4 Oxidation ea metsi e phahameng haholo
Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) ke mofuta oa theknoloji ea kalafo ea metsi e nkang metsi joalo ka bohareng mme e sebelisa litšoaneleho tse ikhethang tsa metsi maemong a holimo ho ntlafatsa sekhahla sa karabelo le ho hlokomela oxidation e felletseng ea lintho tse phelang.
2.5 Theknoloji e kopaneng ea oxidation e tsoetseng pele
Theknoloji e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e tsoetseng pele ea oxidation e sebelisa mefokolo ea eona, molemong oa ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea metsi a litšila, letoto la mahlale a tsoetseng pele a oxidation a hlophisoa hammoho, a theha motsoako oa mahlale a tsoetseng pele a oxidation, kapa theknoloji e le 'ngoe e tsoetseng pele ea oxidation e kopantsoeng le mahlale a mang. thekenoloji ea ho ntlafatsa bokhoni ba oxidation le phello ea phekolo le ho kopana le liphetoho tsa boleng ba metsi molemong oa phekolo ea metsi a litšila tsa meriana.
UV-Fenton, UV-H2O2, UV-O3, ultrasonic photocatalysis, activated carbon photocatalysis, microwave photocatalysis le photocatalysis, joalo-joalo Hajoale, theknoloji ea motsoako oa ozone e ithutoang ka ho fetisisa ke [36] :
Ozone activated carbon process, O3-H2O2 le UV-O3, ho tloha phello ea phekolo ea metsi a litšila a refractory le kopo ea boenjiniere, O3-H2O2 le UV-O3 li na le menyetla e mengata ea tsoelo-pele.
Mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa motsoako oa Fenton o kenyelletsa mokhoa oa micro-electrolysis Fenton, mokhoa oa ho kenya tšepe oa H2O2, mokhoa oa photochemical Fenton (joalo ka mokhoa oa letsatsi oa Fenton, mokhoa oa UV-Fenton, joalo-joalo), empa mokhoa oa motlakase oa Fenton o sebelisoa haholo.
Setšoantšo
3. Theknoloji ea phekolo ea lik'hemik'hale
Theknoloji ea phekolo ea lik'hemik'hale ke theknoloji e ka sehloohong ea phekolo ea metsi a litšila, ka kholo ea likokoana-hloko, metabolism, ho ikatisa le mekhoa e meng ea ho senya lintho tse phelang metsing a litšila, ho fumana matla a bona a hlokahalang le ho finyella morero oa ho tlosa lintho tse phelang.
3.1 Theknoloji ea phekolo ea likokoana-hloko ea anaerobic
Theknoloji ea phekolo ea likokoana-hloko ea anaerobic ke ha ho se na tikoloho ea oksijene ea limolek'hule, tšebeliso ea libaktheria tsa anaerobic metabolism, ka ts'ebetso ea hydrolytic acidification, tlhahiso ea hydrogen acetic acid le tlhahiso ea methane le mekhoa e meng ea ho fetola macromolecules, ho thata ho senya lintho tse phelang ho CH4, CO2 , H2O le lintho tse nyenyane tsa limolek'hule.
Metsi a litšila a maiketsetso hangata a na le lintho tse ngata tsa cyclic refractory organic, tse ke keng tsa senyeha ka kotloloho le ho sebelisoa ke libaktheria tsa aerobic, kahoo theknoloji ea hajoale ea kalafo ea anaerobic e fetohile mokhoa oa mantlha lefapheng la kalafo ea metsi a litšila lapeng le kantle ho naha [43] .
Theknoloji ea phekolo ea likokoana-hloko ea anaerobic e na le melemo e mengata: ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea anaerobic reactor ha e hloke ho fana ka aeration, tšebeliso ea matla e tlaase;
Matla a tlhaho a metsi a nang le tšusumetso ea anaerobic hangata a phahame.
Litlhoko tse fokolang tsa limatlafatsi;
Sehlahisoa sa seretse sa anaerobic reactor se tlase, 'me seretse se bonolo ho felloa ke metsi.
Methane e hlahisoang tšebetsong ea anaerobic e ka sebelisoa hape joalo ka matla.
Leha ho le joalo, metsi a anaerobic ha a khone ho lahleloa ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng, 'me o hloka ho tsoela pele ho phekoloa ka ho kopanngoa le mekhoa e meng. Leha ho le joalo, thekenoloji ea phekolo ea likokoana-hloko ea anaerobic e na le maikutlo a pH boleng, mocheso le lintlha tse ling. Haeba ho feto-fetoha ho hoholo, karabelo ea anaerobic e tla ameha ka kotloloho, ebe boleng ba metsi a litšila bo tla ameha.
3.2 Theknoloji ea phekolo ea likokoana-hloko ea aerobic
Theknoloji ea phekolo ea likokoana-hloko ea aerobic ke theknoloji ea phekolo ea likokoana-hloko e sebelisang ho bola ha oxidative le assimilation synthesis ea baktheria ea aerobic ho tlosa lintho tse senyehileng tsa lintho tse phelang. Nakong ea kholo le metabolism ea likokoana-hloko tsa aerobic, palo e kholo ea ho ikatisa e tla etsoa, ​​​​e tla hlahisa sludge e ncha e kentsoeng. Seretse se feteletseng se kentsoeng se tla ntšoa ka mokhoa oa seretse se setseng, 'me metsi a litšila a tla hloekisoa ka nako e le 'ngoe.

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