Ho matlafatsa tharollo e tiileng

1. Tlhaloso

Phenomenomenome eo ho eona likarolo tsa alloying li qhibilihang ka tšepe ea motheo ho baka tekanyo e itseng ea ho sotha ha lattice 'me kahoo ho eketsa matla a motsoako.

2. Molao-motheo

Liathomo tsa solute tse qhibilihisitsoeng ka har'a tharollo e tiileng li baka ho sotha ha lattice, e leng ho eketsang khanyetso ea motsamao oa ho kheloha, ho etsa hore ho thelle ho be thata, 'me ho eketsa matla le boima ba tharollo e tiileng ea alloy. Ketsahalo ena ea ho matlafatsa tšepe ka ho qhaqha ntho e itseng ea solute ho etsa tharollo e tiileng e bitsoa ho matlafatsa tharollo e tiileng. Ha motsoako oa liathomo tsa solute o loketse, matla le boima ba thepa bo ka eketsoa, ​​​​empa ho tiea ha eona le polasetiki li fokotsehile.

3. Lintho tse susumetsang

Ha karolo ea athomo e phahameng ea liathomo tsa solute, phello e matlafatsang e kholoanyane, haholo-holo ha karolo ea athomo e le tlase haholo, phello e matlafatsang e bohlokoa haholo.

Phapang e kholo pakeng tsa liathomo tsa solute le boholo ba athomo ea tšepe ea motheo, phello e matlafatsang e kholoanyane.

Liathomo tsa solute tsa interstitial li na le phello e matla ea ho matlafatsa tharollo ho feta liathomo tse ncha, 'me kaha ho sotheha ha lerata la liathomo tsa interstitial ka likristale tse bohareng ba 'mele ho na le asymmetric, phello ea tsona e matlafatsang e kholo ho feta ea likristale tsa cubic tse shebileng sefahleho; empa liathomo tsa interstitial Solubility e tiileng e fokotsehile haholo, kahoo phello ea sebele ea ho matlafatsa le eona e lekanyelitsoe.

Phapang e kholoanyane ka palo ea lielektrone tsa valence pakeng tsa liathomo tsa solute le tšepe ea motheo, ho hlakile haholoanyane tharollo e tiileng e matlafatsang phello, ke hore, matla a lihlahisoa tsa tharollo e tiileng e eketseha ka ho eketseha ha mahloriso a electron ea valence.

4. Tekanyo ea ho matlafatsa tharollo e tiileng haholo-holo e itšetlehile ka lintlha tse latelang

Phapang ka boholo lipakeng tsa liathomo tsa matrix le liathomo tse solute. Phapang e kholoanyane ea boholo, ho na le tšitiso e kholo ho sebopeho sa kristale sa pele, 'me ho thata le ho feta bakeng sa slip ea dislocation.

Bongata ba likarolo tsa alloying. Ha likarolo tse ngata tsa alloying li eketsoa, ​​​​li na le phello e matla haholoanyane. Haeba liathomo tse ngata haholo li le kholo haholo kapa li le nyane haholo, ho qhibiliha ho tla fetisoa. Sena se kenyelletsa mokhoa o mong oa ho matlafatsa, ho matlafatsa mohato o qhalakaneng.

Liathomo tsa solute tsa interstitial li na le phello e matla ea ho matlafatsa tharollo ho feta liathomo tse ncha.

Phapang e kholoanyane ea palo ea lielektrone tsa valence pakeng tsa liathomo tsa solute le tšepe ea motheo, e bohlokoa haholo ho matlafatsa phello e tiileng ea tharollo.

5. Phello

Matla a ho kotula, matla a ho tsitsa le ho thatafala ho matla ho feta litšepe tse hloekileng;

Maemong a mangata, ductility e tlase ho feta ea tšepe e hloekileng;

The conductivity e tlase haholo ho feta tšepe e hloekileng;

Creep resistance, kapa tahlehelo ea matla mochesong o phahameng, e ka ntlafatsoa ka ho matlafatsa tharollo e tiileng.

Sebetsa ka thata

1. Tlhaloso

Ha tekanyo ea deformation e batang e ntse e eketseha, matla le boima ba lisebelisoa tsa tšepe lia eketseha, empa polasetiki le ho tiea li fokotseha.

2. Selelekela

Ketsahalo eo ho eona matla le ho thatafala ha lisebelisoa tsa tšepe li eketsehang ha li holofetse ka tlas'a mocheso oa recrystallization, ha polasetiki le toughness li fokotseha. E boetse e tsejoa e le ho thatafatsa mosebetsi o batang. Lebaka ke hore ha tšepe e holofetse ka polasetiki, lithollo tsa kristale lia thella le ho kheloha lia ts'oaroa, e leng se etsang hore lithollo tsa kristale li lelefatse, li robehe, 'me li be le fiberize,' me likhatello tse setseng li hlahisoa ka tšepe. Tekanyo ea ho thatafala ha mosebetsi hangata e bontšoa ke karo-karolelano ea microhardness ea bokaholimo ka mor'a ho sebetsa ho ea pele ho ts'ebetso le botebo ba lera le thata.

3. Tlhalošo go tšwa go tebelelo ya theori ya dislocation

1

(2) Boitšoaro bo etsahala pakeng tsa li-dislocation, 'me ho thehoa ho tsitsitseng ho tsitsitseng ho sitisa motsamao oa ho senya;

(3) Ho ata ha li-dislocation ho etsahala, 'me ho eketseha ha sekhahla sa dislocation ho eketsa ho hanyetsa motsamao oa ho senya.

4. Kotsi

Ho thatafatsa mosebetsi ho tlisa mathata ts'ebetsong e tsoelang pele ea likarolo tsa tšepe. Ka mohlala, ha ho ntse ho bata-rola poleiti ea tšepe, e tla ba thata le ho feta ho phutha, kahoo hoa hlokahala ho hlophisa annealing e bohareng nakong ea ts'ebetso ho felisa mosebetsi oa eona o thata ka ho futhumatsa. Mohlala o mong ke ho etsa hore bokaholimo ba mosebetsi bo be thata le bo thata nakong ea ho itšeha, ka hona ho potlakisa ho roala ha lisebelisoa le ho eketsa matla a ho itšeha.

5. Melemo

E ka ntlafatsa matla, ho thatafala le ho se sebetse ha litšepe, haholo-holo bakeng sa litšepe tse hloekileng le li-alloys tse itseng tse ke keng tsa ntlafatsoa ke phekolo ea mocheso. Ka mohlala, terata e matla ea tšepe e huloang ke serame le selemo se koahetsoeng ke serame, joalo-joalo, sebelisa deformation e batang ea ho sebetsa ho ntlafatsa matla a eona le moeli oa rekere. Mohlala o mong ke ts'ebeliso ea ho thatafatsa mosebetsi ho ntlafatsa ho thatafala le ho se sebetse ha litanka, lipina tsa terekere, mehlahare ea li-crusher le li-turnout tsa terene.

6. Karolo ea boenjiniere ba mechine

Ka mor'a ho penta ho batang, ho phunya le ho thunngoa (sheba ho matlafatsa holim'a metsi) le mekhoa e meng, matla a holim'a lisebelisoa tsa tšepe, likarolo le likarolo li ka ntlafatsoa haholo;

Ka mor'a hore likarolo li hatisoe, khatello ea sebaka sa likarolo tse itseng hangata e feta moeli oa lihlahisoa, e leng se bakang deformation ea polasetiki. Ka lebaka la ho thatafala ha mosebetsi, nts'etsopele e tsoelang pele ea deformation ea polasetiki e thibetsoe, e ka ntlafatsang polokeho ea likarolo le likarolo;

Ha karolo ea tšepe kapa motsoako o hatisoa, deformation ea eona ea polasetiki e tsamaisana le ho matlafatsa, e le hore deformation e fetisetsoe ho karolo e thata e sa sebetsoeng e potolohileng eona. Ka mor'a liketso tse joalo tse phetoang khafetsa, likarolo tse batang tsa ho hatakela tse nang le deformation e tšoanang ea likarolo li ka fumanoa;

E ka ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea ho itšeha ea tšepe e tlase ea carbon mme ea etsa hore li-chips li arohanngoa habonolo. Empa ho thatafatsa mosebetsi ho boetse ho tlisa mathata ts'ebetsong e tsoelang pele ea likarolo tsa tšepe. Ka mohlala, terata ea tšepe e huloang ke serame e sebelisa matla a mangata bakeng sa ho hula hape ka lebaka la ho thatafala ha mosebetsi, 'me e ka ba ea robeha. Ka hona, e tlameha ho hlakoloa ho felisa ho thatafala ha mosebetsi pele ho taka. Mohlala o mong ke hore e le ho etsa hore bokaholimo ba mosebetsi bo be thata le bo thata nakong ea ho itšeha, matla a ho itšeha a eketseha nakong ea ho khaola hape, 'me ho roala lisebelisoa ho potlakisa.

Ho matlafatsa lijo-thollo

1. Tlhaloso

Mokhoa oa ho ntlafatsa thepa ea mechine ea lisebelisoa tsa tšepe ka ho hloekisa lithollo tsa kristale o bitsoa ho matlafatsa kristale. Ho indasteri, matla a thepa a ntlafatsoa ka ho hloekisa lijo-thollo tsa kristale.

2. Molao-motheo

Litšepe hangata ke li-polycrystals tse entsoeng ka lithollo tse ngata tsa kristale. Boholo ba lithollo tsa kristale bo ka hlalosoa ka palo ea lithollo tsa kristale ka bophahamo ba yuniti. Ha palo e ntse e eketseha, lithollo tsa kristale li ntle haholo. Liteko li bontša hore litšepe tse entsoeng hantle ka mocheso oa kamore li na le matla a holimo, ho thatafala, polasetiki le ho tiea ho feta litšepe tse mahoashe. Lebaka ke hobane lithollo tse ntle li na le deformation ea polasetiki tlas'a matla a ka ntle 'me li ka qhalakanngoa ka lijo-thollo tse ngata, deformation ea polasetiki e tšoana le ho feta,' me khatello ea kelello e fokotseha; ho phaella moo, lijo-thollo tse ntle haholo, sebaka se seholo sa moeli oa lijo-thollo le meeli ea lijo-thollo tse tortuous. Ho sa thabiseng le ho feta ho phatlalatsoa ha mapetsong. Ka hona, mokhoa oa ho ntlafatsa matla a thepa ka ho hloekisa lithollo tsa kristale o bitsoa ho matlafatsa lijo-thollo indastering.

3. Phello

Ha boholo ba lijo-thollo bo le bonyenyane, palo ea li-dislocation (n) e fokotseha sehlopheng sa ho kheloha. Ho ea ka τ=nτ0, khatello ea maikutlo e nyane, e phahamisa matla a thepa;

Molao o matlafatsang oa ho matlafatsa lijo-thollo ke hore mellwane ea lijo-thollo e ngata haholo, lijo-thollo li ntle. Ho ea ka kamano ea Hall-Peiqi, e nyane ea boleng bo tloaelehileng (d) ea lijo-thollo, e phahamisa matla a tlhahiso ea thepa.

4. Mokhoa oa ho hloekisa lijo-thollo

Eketsa tekanyo ea subcooling;

Phekolo ea ho senyeha;

Ho thothomela le ho sisinyeha;

Bakeng sa litšepe tse nang le serame tse batang, lithollo tsa kristale li ka hloekisoa ka ho laola tekanyo ea deformation le mocheso oa annealing.

Matlafatso ea karolo ea bobeli

1. Tlhaloso

Ha ho bapisoa le li-alloys tsa mekhahlelo e le 'ngoe, li-alloys tsa mekhahlelo e mengata li na le karolo ea bobeli ho phaella karolong ea matrix. Ha karolo ea bobeli e ajoa ka mokhoa o ts'oanang karolong ea matrix e nang le likaroloana tse ntle tse qhalakaneng, e tla ba le phello e matla ea ho matlafatsa. Phello ena e matlafatsang e bitsoa ho matlafatsa karolo ea bobeli.

2. Ho arola

Bakeng sa motsamao oa li-dislocation, karolo ea bobeli e fumanehang ka har'a alloy e na le maemo a mabeli a latelang:

(1) Ho matlafatsoa ha likaroloana tse sa senyeheng (mochine oa bypass).

(2) Ho matlafatsoa ha likaroloana tse senyehang (ho khaola ka mochine).

Ka bobeli ho matlafatsa ho hasana le ho matlafatsa pula ke maemo a khethehileng a ho matlafatsa karolo ea bobeli.

3. Phello

Lebaka le ka sehloohong la ho matlafatsa karolo ea bobeli ke ho sebelisana pakeng tsa bona le ho senyeha, e leng ho thibelang ho sisinyeha ha ts'ebetso le ho ntlafatsa ho hanyetsa ha deformation ea alloy.

ho phethela

Lintlha tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tse amang matla ke sebopeho, sebopeho le boemo ba holim'a thepa ka boeona; ea bobeli ke boemo ba matla, joalo ka lebelo la matla, mokhoa oa ho jara, ho otlolla habonolo kapa ho pheta-pheta matla, ho tla bontša matla a fapaneng; Ho feta moo, geometry le boholo ba sampole le mochini oa liteko le tsona li na le tšusumetso e kholo, ka linako tse ling e bile e etsa qeto. Ka mohlala, matla a ho tsieleha a tšepe e matla haholo sepakapakeng sa hydrogen a ka theoha haholo.

Ho na le litsela tse peli feela tsa ho matlafatsa lisebelisoa tsa tšepe. E 'ngoe ke ho eketsa matla a ho kopanya a alloy, ho eketsa matla a eona a theory, le ho lokisa kristale e felletseng ntle le sekoli, joalo ka litelu. Hoa tsebahala hore matla a litelu tsa tšepe a haufi le boleng ba theory. Ho ka nkoa hore sena ke hobane ha ho na dislocation ho litelu, kapa ho na le palo e nyenyane feela ea dislocation e ke keng ea ata nakong ea deformation. Ka bomalimabe, ha bophara ba whisker bo le kholoanyane, matla a theoha haholo. Mokhoa o mong o matlafatsang ke ho hlahisa palo e kholo ea mefokolo ea kristale ka har'a kristale, joalo ka li-dislocation, mefokolo ea lintlha, liathomo tse fapaneng, meeli ea lijo-thollo, likaroloana tse qhalakaneng haholo kapa li-inhomogeneities (tse kang ho arohana), joalo-joalo. hape Hoa bohlokoa ho ntlafatsa matla a tšepe. Lintlha li pakile hore ena ke eona tsela e sebetsang ka ho fetisisa ea ho eketsa matla a litšepe. Bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa boenjiniere, hangata ke ka litlamorao tse matlafatsang ho fihlela ts'ebetso e phethahetseng.