Lilemong tsa morao tjena, linaha tse fapaneng lefatšeng ka bophara, haholo-holo linaha tse tsoetseng pele indastering, li nkile nts'etsopele ea lihlahisoa tse ntle tsa lik'hemik'hale e le e 'ngoe ea maano a bohlokoa a nts'etsopele bakeng sa ntlafatso ea sebopeho le tokiso ea liindasteri tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa setso, 'me liindasteri tsa tsona tsa lik'hemik'hale li ntlafalitse ka lehlakoreng la "ho fapanyetsana" le "ntlafatso". Ka nts'etsopele e tsoelang pele ea moruo oa sechaba, tlhoko ea batho ea lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki, likoloi, indasteri ea mechini, thepa e ncha ea kaho, matla a macha le thepa e ncha ea tšireletso ea tikoloho e tla eketseha le ho feta. Lik'hemik'hale tsa elektroniki le tlhahisoleseling, lik'hemik'hale tsa boenjiniere ba bokaholimo, lik'hemik'hale tsa meriana, jj. Ka nts'etsopele e tsoelang pele, 'maraka oa lefats'e oa lik'hemik'hale tse ntle o tla boloka sekhahla sa kholo se potlakileng ho feta indasteri ea lik'hemik'hale ea setso.
*Lik'hemik'hale tse ntle
Lik'hemik'hale tse ntle li bolela lik'hemik'hale tse nang le bongata bo phahameng ba tekheniki, boleng bo phahameng bo ekelitsoeng le bohloeki bo phahameng tse ka ntlafatsang kapa tsa fa sehlahisoa (mofuta) mesebetsi e itseng kapa tse nang le mesebetsi e itseng tlhahisong le ts'ebelisong ea sehlopha se senyenyane, 'me ke lik'hemik'hale tsa motheo tse ling. Sehlahisoa sa ts'ebetso e tebileng.
Ka 1986, Lefapha la mehleng la Indasteri ea Lik'hemik'hale le ile la arola lihlahisoa tse ntle tsa lik'hemik'hale ka lihlopha tse 11: (1) chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana; (2) dae; (3) lipente (ho kenyeletsoa le pente le enke); (4) mebala; (5) li-reagent le lintho tse hloekileng haholo (6) Lik'hemik'hale tsa tlhahisoleseling (ho kenyeletsoa le thepa e utloang khanya, thepa ea makenete le lik'hemik'hale tse ling tse ka amohelang maqhubu a motlakase); (7) Lijo le lijo tse ling; (8) Likhomaretsi; (9) Li-catalyst le lintho tse ling tse eketsang; (10) Lik'hemik'hale (lisebelisoa tse tala) le lik'hemik'hale tsa letsatsi le letsatsi (tse hlahisoang ke sistimi ea lik'hemik'hale); (11) Lisebelisoa tsa polymer tse sebetsang ka har'a li-polymer tsa polymer (ho kenyeletsoa lifilimi tse sebetsang, lisebelisoa tsa polarizing, jj.). Ka nts'etsopele ea moruo oa naha, nts'etsopele le ts'ebeliso ea lik'hemik'hale tse ntle li tla tsoela pele ho atoloha, 'me lihlopha tse ncha li tla tsoela pele ho eketseha.
Lik'hemik'hale tse ntle li na le litšobotsi tse latelang:
(1) Mefuta e fapaneng ea lihlahisoa le mefuta e mengata ea lits'ebetso
Ho na le mefuta e 40-50 ea lik'hemik'hale tse ntle machabeng, tse nang le mefuta e fetang 100,000. Lik'hemik'hale tse ntle li sebelisoa likarolong tsohle tsa bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi, tse kang meriana, lidae, chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, liphahlo, lisebelisoa tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa letsatsi le letsatsi, lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki, lik'hemik'hale tsa pampiri, enke, li-additives tsa lijo, li-additives tsa lijo, phekolo ea metsi, jj., hammoho le lifofaneng, theknoloji ea baeloji, theknoloji ea tlhahisoleseling, lisebelisoa tse ncha, theknoloji e ncha ea matla, tšireletso ea tikoloho le lits'ebetso tse ling tsa theknoloji e phahameng li sebelisoa haholo.
(2) Theknoloji e rarahaneng ea tlhahiso
Ho na le mefuta e mengata ea lik'hemik'hale tse ntle, 'me sehlahisoa se le seng se mahareng se ka atolosoa ho tse 'maloa kapa esita le tse ngata tsa li-derivatives bakeng sa merero e fapaneng ka lits'ebetso tse fapaneng. Ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso e rarahane ebile e ka fetoloa, 'me theknoloji e rarahane. Mefuta eohle ea lihlahisoa tsa lik'hemik'hale tse ntle e hloka ho etsoa nts'etsopele ea laboratori, teko e nyane, teko ea teko ebe e etsoa tlhahiso e kholo. Li boetse li hloka ho ntlafatsoa kapa ho ntlafatsoa ka nako ho latela liphetoho litlhokong tsa bareki ba tlase. Litlhoko tsa botsitso ba boleng ba sehlahisoa li holimo, 'me k'hamphani e hloka ho hlahisa. Ntlafatsa ts'ebetso khafetsa le ho bokella boiphihlelo ts'ebetsong. Ka hona, nts'etsopele ea lihlahisoa tsa lik'hemik'hale tse ntle ka likaroloana, pokello ea boiphihlelo lits'ebetsong tsa tlhahiso le bokhoni ba ho qapa ke tlholisano ea mantlha ea khoebo e ntle ea lik'hemik'hale.
(3) Boleng bo phahameng ba lihlahisoa
Ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso e amehang lihlahisoa tse ntle tsa lik'hemik'hale e telele haholo 'me e hloka ts'ebetso e mengata ea li-unit tse ngata. Ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso e rarahane haholo. Ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso e fihlela maemo a bobebe a karabelo, tikoloho e sireletsehileng ea ts'ebetso, le likarabelo tse itseng tsa lik'hemik'hale ho fihlela lik'hemik'hale Karohano e bonolo le chai e phahameng ea sehlahisoa li hloka theknoloji ea ts'ebetso ea boemo bo holimo le lisebelisoa tsa karabelo. Ka hona, lihlahisoa tse ntle tsa lik'hemik'hale ka kakaretso li na le boleng bo eketsehileng bo phahameng.
(4) Mefuta e fapaneng ea lihlahisoa tse kopantsoeng
Litšebelisong tse sebetsang, lik'hemik'hale tse ntle li hlaha e le mesebetsi e felletseng ea lihlahisoa. Sena se hloka ho hlahlojoa ha meaho e fapaneng ea lik'hemik'hale tlhahisong ea lik'hemik'hale, le ho sebelisa ka botlalo tšebelisano-'moho ea lik'hemik'hale tse ntle le metsoako e meng tlhahisong ea mefuta ea litekanyetso. Ho na le litlhoko tse fapaneng tsa lihlahisoa tse ntle tsa lik'hemik'hale tlhahisong ea indasteri, 'me ho thata hore sehlahisoa se le seng se fihlelle litlhoko tsa tlhahiso kapa ts'ebeliso. Nka indasteri ea kalafo ea metsi moo k'hamphani e leng teng e le mohlala. Lik'hemik'hale tse khethehileng tse sebelisoang tšimong ena li kenyelletsa li-fungicides le algaecides, li-Scale agents, li-corrosion inhibitors, li-flocculant, jj., 'me li-chemical agents bakeng sa morero o mong le o mong li ka kopanngoa ke li-chemical agents tse' maloa.
(5) Sehlahisoa se na le ho teteana ho hoholo ho bareki ba tlase
Lihlahisoa tsa lik'hemik'hale tse ntle hangata li sebelisoa libakeng tse itseng tsa ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso ea indasteri kapa ho fihlela mesebetsi e itseng ea lihlahisoa tse theohelang. Ka hona, basebelisi ba na le litlhoko tse phahameng bakeng sa boleng ba sehlahisoa le botsitso, 'me ts'ebetso ea khetho ea mofani le maemo li thata haholoanyane. Hang ha li kentsoe lenaneng la barekisi, li ke ke tsa nkeloa sebaka habonolo.